Abuse that is not metabolized is often repeated in subsequent generations.

In order to heal from white supremacy, we must understand the roots of the trauma that created it.

"Throughout the United States' history as a nation, white bodies have colonized, oppressed, brutalized, and murdered Black and Native ones. But well before the United States began, powerful white bodies colonized, oppressed, brutalized, and murdered other, less powerful white ones."

Resmaa Menakem

How Racism Began as White-on-White Violence | by Resmaa Menakem

European Traditions of Violence and Torture

For over one thousand years, our white ancestors lived under the brutal conditions of continuous warfare and violence, ultimately creating a society in which slavery was ubiquitous and public torture was considered sport.

European Powers and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The transatlantic slave trade was active for several hundred years before traders brought the first enslaved peoples to Virginia in 1619. The countries that founded these practices also were among the first colonizers on the American continents.

White Trauma / White Supremacy

Abuse that is not metabolized is often repeated in subsequent generations.

In order to heal from white supremacy, we must understand the roots of the trauma that created it.

"Throughout the United States' history as a nation, white bodies have colonized, oppressed, brutalized, and murdered Black and Native ones. But well before the United States began, powerful white bodies colonized, oppressed, brutalized, and murdered other, less powerful white ones."

Resmaa Menakem

How Racism Began as White-on-White Violence | by Resmaa Menakem

European Traditions of Violence & Torture

For over one thousand years, our white ancestors lived under the brutal conditions of continuous warfare and violence, ultimately creating a society in which slavery was ubiquitous and public torture was considered sport.

Greco-Roman Empire

Summary

The 1st century BC Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus indicates that the Roman institution of slavery began with the legendary founder Romulus giving Roman fathers the right to sell their own children into slavery, and kept growing with the expansion of the Roman state. Slave ownership was most widespread throughout the Roman citizenry from the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) to the 4th century AD. The Greek geographer Strabo (1st century AD) records how an enormous slave trade resulted from the collapse of the Seleucid Empire (100-63 BC).[3]

Slavery in ancient Rome - Wikipedia

Slavery was an accepted practice in ancient Greece, as in other societies of the time. Some Ancient Greek writers (including, most notably, Aristotle) described slavery as natural and even necessary. This paradigm was notably questioned in Socratic dialogues; the Stoics produced the first recorded condemnation of slavery.[2]

The principal use of slaves was in agriculture, but they were also used in stone quarries or mines, and as domestic servants. Athens had the largest slave population, with as many as 80,000 in the 5th and 6th centuries BC, with an average of three or four slaves per household, except in poor families. Slaves were legally prohibited from participating in politics, which was reserved for citizens.

Modern historiographical practice distinguishes between chattel slavery (personal possession, where the slave was regarded as a piece of property as opposed to a mobile member of society) versus land-bonded groups such as the penestae of Thessaly or the Spartan helots, who were more like medieval serfs (an enhancement to real estate). The chattel slave is an individual deprived of liberty and forced to submit to an owner, who may buy, sell, or lease them like any other chattel.

Slavery in ancient Greece - Wikipedia

Quote

"I have taught ancient Greek and Latin, collectively known as classics, for most of my adult life. When I started studying Latin in seventh grade, I bought into the value of classics promoted in pamphlets from the American Classical League (ACL)-as the demarcation between what was worth knowing and what wasn't worth even acknowledging.

Even today, a tie to the classical world often provides an instant sense of legitimacy, context and greatness. There's a reason why, when President Donald Trump wanted to "make federal buildings beautiful again," he exhorted architects to design buildings in the style of ancient Greek temples.

But there are real consequences to positioning ancient Greece and Rome as the foundation of "Western Civilization," as the unquestioned standard of quality for everything from literature to sculpture to architecture-especially when "Western Civilization" is aligned with whiteness. In schools, the glorification of classics and its artificial linkage to whiteness is a toxic combination."

Dani Bostick

The Classical Roots of White Supremacy | Learning for Justice

Timeline

Timeline-of-ancient-slavery-1.pdf

Articles

The Classical Roots of White Supremacy | Learning for Justice

Why the alt-right loves ancient Greece and Rome - Vox

He Wants to Save Classics From Whiteness. Can the Field Survive?

The Roman Roots of Racial Capitalism - American Academy

Colonialism is built on the rubble of a false idea of ancient Rome

The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Social Order. Slaves & Freemen | PBS

Roman Slavery and the Question of Race

Slavery in the Roman World - World History Encyclopedia

Violence, rebellion and sexual exploitation: the darker side of Ancient Rome - HistoryExtra

Murderous Games: Gladiatorial Contests in Ancient Rome | History Today

Torture used by ancient Romans « IMPERIUM ROMANUM

King_Honors .pdf (suny.edu)

Books

The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity by Benjamin H. Isaac

Slavery and Society at Rome by Keith Bradley

Historicising Ancient Slavery by Kostas Vlassopoulos

Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology by Moses I. Finley

The (Mis-) Use of Greco-Roman History by Modern
White Supremacy Groups: The Implications of the
Classics in the Hands of White Supremacists

Podcasts

Roman slavery and the man who started the First World War - HistoryExtra

BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, Roman Slavery

29 - Life in a Crumbling Empire

Videos

In Our Time: S20/27 Roman Slavery (April 5 2018)

The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity

Medieval Europe

Summary

"Slavery became increasingly uncommon through the Middle Ages, replaced by serfdom by the 10th century, but began to revive again towards the end of the Middle Ages and in the Early Modern Era. The Byzantine-Ottoman wars (1265-1479) and the Ottoman wars in Europe (14th to 20th centuries) resulted in the capture of large numbers of Christian slaves.

In the Byzantine Empireslaves became quite rare by the first half of the 7th century.[1] A shift in the view of slavery is noticed, which by the 10th century transformed gradually a slave-object into a slave-subject.[2] From 11th century, semi-feudal relations largely replaced slavery, seen as "an evil contrary to nature, created by man's selfishness", although slavery was permitted by law.[3]"

Slavery in medieval Europe - Wikipedia


The Medieval Inquisition was a series of Inquisitions (Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing heresy) from around 1184, including the Episcopal Inquisition (1184-1230s) and later the Papal Inquisition (1230s). The Medieval Inquisition was established in response to movements considered apostate or heretical to Roman Catholicism, in particular Catharism and Waldensians in Southern France and Northern Italy. These were the first movements of many inquisitions that would follow.

Medieval Inquisition - Wikipedia


Spanish Inquisition, (1478-1834), judicial institution ostensibly established to combat heresy in Spain. In practice, the Spanish Inquisition served to consolidate power in the monarchy of the newly unified Spanish kingdom, but it achieved that end through infamously brutal methods.

Spanish Inquisition | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica

Quote

What does being a medievalist of color mean to you?

"Acknowledging that I can never escape my body or the places, communities, and forms of power that have made me who I am. Recognizing that the places and communities that are the most welcoming of me will be the ones that are the most disempowered. And understanding that now that I am a part of this field, the field also cannot escape my body, my past, and all that I stand for."

Medievalists of Color

Timeline

Articles

Race and Racism in the European Middle Ages

The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis*

Enslavement and Chains in the Middle Ages

Torture in the Middle Ages

Torturer's Apprentice - The Atlantic

Violence in the Service of Religion: The Medieval Inquisition - A Patchwork of Perceptions

Medieval Torture Devices and Methods That Date Back to the Ancient World

Medieval Inquisition Trials, Torture, and Sermons (thegreatcoursesdaily.com)

The Power of the Criminal Corpse in the Medieval World - Harnessing the Power of the Criminal Corpse

Books

Violence in Medieval Europe by Warren C. Brown

The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages by Geraldine Heng

Speaking of Slavery: Color, Ethnicity, and Human Bondage in Italy by Steven A. Epstein

Slavery After Rome, 500-1100 by Alice Rio

Black Metaphors: How Modern Racism Emerged from Medieval Race-Thinking by Cord Whitaker

Podcasts

Episode 178: Medieval Mediterranean Slavery - Historically Thinking

#291 History Hack: Slavery in the Medieval World (podbean.com)

The History of Slavery, Part 2: The Medieval Slave Trade to Arabia from History Unplugged Podcast on RadioPublic

Going Medieval On White Supremacists - 1A (the1a.org)

Videos

Cord Whitaker, 'Black Metaphors: How Modern Racism Emerged from Medieval Race-Thinking' (03-15-2021) - YouTube

Paul Freedman, "European Slavery and Serfdom in the Middle Ages"

Viking Culture

Summary

"The Swedish slave trade mainly occurred in the early history of Sweden when the trade of thralls (Old Norseþræll) was one of the pillars of the Norse economy. During the raids, the Vikings often captured and enslaved militarily weaker peoples they encountered, but took the most slaves in raids of the British IslesIreland and Slavs in Eastern Europe. This practice lasted in the 6th through 11th centuries until formally abolished in 1335. A smaller trade of African slaves happened during the 17th and 18th centuries,[1] around the time Swedish overseas colonies were established in North America (1638) and in Africa (1650). It remained legal until 1813."

Swedish slave trade - Wikipedia


"The Danish slave trade occurred separately in two different periods: the trade in European slaves during the Viking Age, from the 8th to 10th century; and the Danish role in selling African slaves during the Atlantic slave trade, from the 1600s until a 1792 law to abolish the trade came into effect on 1 January 1803. Slavery continued in the Danish West Indies until July, 1848, when all unfree people in Danish lands were emancipated."

Danish slave trade - Wikipedia

Quote

The institution of slavery had long antecedents in Scandinavia, probably going back thousands of years before the time of the Vikings. By the eighth century A.D., a considerable population of unfree people lived in the North, their condition largely a hereditary one built up over generations. In the Viking Age, this picture changed dramatically because, for the first time, Scandinavians began to make the active acquisition of human chattel a key part of their economy. This was one of the primary objectives of Viking raids and military campaigns-and the result was a massive increase in the numbers of enslaved people in Scandinavia.

The Little-Known Role of Slavery in Viking Society | History | Smithsonian Magazine

Timeline

Articles

Real Viking History and the Imagined White Supremacist Past | Time

Marauders in the US Capitol: Alt-right Viking Wannabes & Weaponized Medievalism - Medieval Studies Research Blog: Meet us at the Crossroads of Everything

Viking Symbols "Stolen" by Racists - The Norwegian American

Violence and the viking age

The slave markets of the Viking world: comparative perspectives on an 'invisible archaeology'

The Little-Known Role of Slavery in Viking Society | History | Smithsonian Magazine

What We Know About Vikings and Slaves - HISTORY

Vikings abused and beheaded their slaves

Kinder, Gentler Vikings? Not According to Their Slaves (nationalgeographic.com)

Raiders from the North: Irish Enslavement during the Viking Age (core.ac.uk)

The Vikings in Britain: a brief history / Historical Association

Books

Viking-Age Trade: Silver, Slaves and Gotland by Jacek Gruszczyński

Thraldom: A History of Slavery in the Viking Age by Stefan Brink

Scandinavians in Chicago: The Origins of White Privilege in Modern America by Erika Kathleen Jackson

Podcasts

Ep 46 - Capitol Controversy with Brute Norse (buzzsprout.com)

Videos

Economic History: The Viking Slave Trade

Slavery in the Medieval Viking World

European Powers and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The transatlantic slave trade was active for several hundred years before traders brought the first enslaved peoples to Virginia in 1619. The countries that founded these practices also were among the first colonizers on the American continents.

General

Summary

transatlantic slave trade | History & Facts | Britannica

Transatlantic slave trade, segment of the global slave trade that transported between 10 million and 12 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century. It was the second of three stages of the so-called triangular trade, in which arms, textiles, and wine were shipped from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Americas, and sugar and coffee from the Americas to Europe.

Quote

"On any basic figure of the Africans landed alive in the Americas, one would have to make several extensions- starting with a calculation to cover mortality in transshipment. The Atlantic crossing, or "Middle Passage," as it was called by European slavers, was notorious for the number of deaths incurred, averaging in the vicinity of 15-20 per cent. There were also numerous deaths in Africa between time of capture and time of embarkation, especially in cases where captives had to travel hundreds of miles to the coast. Most important of all (given that warfare was the principal means of obtaining captives) it is necessary to make some estimate of the number of people killed and injured so as to extract the millions who were taken alive and sound. The resultant figure would be many times the millions landed alive outside of Africa, and it is that figure which represents the number of Africans directly removed from the population and labor force of Africa because of the establishment of slave production by Europeans. Pg. 96"
― Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa

Timeline

Slavery in History « Free the Slaves

Slavery, Abolition, and Emancipation Resources (brycchancarey.com)

Transatlantic Slave Trade | Timeline | Britannica

Timeline: how the trade unfolded

1525

The first slave ship departs Africa for the Americas, taking enslaved Africans to Spanish America.

1562-63

Sir John Hawkins leads the first English slave voyage, from Sierra Leone to Hispaniola.

1619

A group of 20 Africans land at Jamestown, Virginia - the first to arrive in Britain's North American colonies.

1672

The monopoly Royal African Company is founded. It supplies slaves to English colonies.

1700s

Following the end of monopoly companies, huge numbers of Africans are transported to the Americas: 955,000 to Jamaica; 5,613,420 to Brazil.

1789

The French Revolution prompts upheaval in French slave colonies. The slave rebellion in Saint-Domingue (1791) and warfare lead to an independent Haiti (1804). 04).

1787-1808

British abolition quickly gains mass popular support, but its progress is stalled by the Haitian revolution. Following Danish abolition in 1802 and changed British political circumstances, Britain ends its slave trade in 1807 despite fierce opposition. The US follows in 1808.

1800s

Slave labour continues to boom in the US (in cotton) and Brazil (coffee), both sustained by internal slave trading.

1815 onwards

Royal Navy and US naval patrols seek to prevent Atlantic slave trade - but almost 3 million cross the ocean, mainly to Brazil and Cuba.

1838

After trialling an 'apprenticeship' system - where liberated slaves worked for free for a transition period of up to six years - the British emancipate their slaves.

1866

The last slave ship crosses the Atlantic, heading to Cuba.

1886-88

Slavery ends in Cuba (1886) and, finally, Brazil (1888).

Articles

Lesson One: Native People + European Settler Colonialism - Tori Williams Douglass

Doctrine of Discovery

Doctrine of Discovery - Upstander Project

Atlantic slave trade - Wikipedia

Transatlantic Slave Trade | Slavery and Remembrance

The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade · African Passages,

The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Brief Guide & Timeline

Historical Context: Facts about the Slave Trade and Slavery | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History

Books

The History of White People by Nell Irvin Painter

The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870 by Hugh Thomas

Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia by William D. Phillips (goodreads.com)

American Slavery, American Freedom by Edmund S. Morgan

The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Captivating Guide to the Atlantic Slave Trade and Stories of the Slaves That Were Brought to the Americas

Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade by David Eltis

The United States and the Transatlantic Slave Trade to the Americas, 1776-1867 by Leonardo Marques

Podcasts

Podcasts About Slavery & The Slave Trade To Listen To Right Now - HistoryExtra

Mapping the Transatlantic Slave Trade | The Takeaway | WNYC Studios

Videos

The Atlantic Slave Trade in Two Minutes

African Diaspora through the Americas: Slavery in the Old World and the Atlantic Slave Trade

Dr. Leonard Jeffries - Origin of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Transatlantic Slave Trade : History Documentary on the Middle Passage (Full Documentary)

Spain

Summary - Slavery in Spain - Wikipedia

Spain began to trade slaves in the 15th century and this trade reached its peak in the 16th century. The history of Spanish enslavement of Africans began with Portuguese captains Antão Gonçalves and Nuno Tristão in 1441. The first large group of African slaves, made up of 235 slaves, came with Lançarote de Freitas three years later.[1] In 1462, Portuguese slave traders began to operate in Seville, Spain. During the 1470s, Spanish merchants began to trade large numbers of slaves. Slaves were auctioned at market at a cathedral, and subsequently were transported to cities all over Imperial Spain. This led to the spread of Moorish, African, and Christian slavery in Spain. By the 16th century, 7.4 percent of the population in Seville, Spain were slaves. Many historians have concluded that Renaissance and early-modern Spain had the highest amount of African slaves in Europe.[2]

Slavery in colonial Spanish America - Wikipedia

Quote

The Spanish and New World Slavery · African Laborers for a New Empire: Iberia, Slavery, and the Atlantic World · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative (cofc.edu)

"Just as Castilian concessions in 1479 helped put Isabel on the throne of Castile, similar recognition of Portuguese claims in Africa in 1494 helped to secure Spanish interests in the Americas. As a result, it was Spain, rather than Portugal, that first made extensive use of enslaved Africans as a colonial labor force in the Americas."

Timeline

Articles

Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish AmericaAtlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America |

Iberian Slave Trade | Slavery and Remembrance

Iberian Roots of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1640 | AP US History Study Guide from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History

The Spanish and New World Slavery · African Laborers for a New Empire: Iberia, Slavery, and the Atlantic World · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative (cofc.edu)

Details of Brutal First Slave Voyages Discovered - HISTORY

Atlantic-History-and-the-Slave-Trade-to-Spanish-America.pdf

Spanish colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia

Western colonialism - Spain's American empire | Britannica

Books

The Captive Sea: Slavery, Communication, and Commerce in Early Modern Spain and the Mediterranean by Daniel Hershenzon

In the Blood of Our Brothers: Abolitionism and the End of the Slave Trade in Spain's Atlantic Empire, 1800-1870 by Jesús Sanjurjo

Slavery and Antislavery in Spain's Atlantic Empire by Josep M Fradera

Podcasts

Episode 76: The Trans-Pacific Slave Trade (15minutehistory.org)

Afro-Iberians sailors, soldiers, travelers, and traders in the Spanish Empire. From 1471 to 1700

Videos

African Diaspora through the Americas: Slavery in Spanish America

From the Galleons to the Highlands: Slave Trade Routes in the Spanish Americas

Portugal

Summary

Slavery in Portugal - Wikipedia

Slavery in Portugal occurred since before the country's formation. During the pre-independence period, inhabitants of the current Portuguese territory were often enslaved and enslaved others. After independence, during the existence of the Kingdom of Portugal, the country played a leading role in the Atlantic slave trade, which involved the mass trade and transportation of slaves from Africa and other parts of the world to the American continent. Slavery was abolished in Portugal in 1761 by the Marquês de Pombal. After the abolishment of slavery in Portugal, the Portuguese slave traders turned to clients in other countries where slavery was not yet abolished, predominantly to Brazil.[1] However, slavery within the African Portuguese colonies was only abolished in 1869 and Portuguese involvement in near-slavery in its colonies continued into the 20th century. [1] [2]

Quote

"The arrival of the Portuguese explorers and traders on the sub-Saharan African coast in the early 1400s would ultimately represent a major new development in the history of the slave trade in Africa in terms of the intensity of its development, the sources of its slaves, and the uses to which its slaves would be put. But initially there was little to distinguish the Portuguese traders from the Muslim traders of North Africa and the sub-Saharan regions."
― Herbert S. Klein, African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean

Timeline

Articles

Launching the Portuguese Slave Trade in Africa · African Laborers for a New Empire: Iberia, Slavery, and the Atlantic World · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative (cofc.edu)

Portugal confronts its role in the trans-Atlantic slave trade | Africa | DW | 24.03.2021

Why the Portuguese Restoration of 1640 Matters to the History of American Slavery (processhistory.org)

Portugal | Europe | The Places Involved | Slavery Routes | Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery |

How Portugal silenced 'centuries of violence and trauma' | Arts and Culture | Al Jazeera

Slavery memorial highlights Portugal's racism taboo - BBC News

Portugal confronts its slave trade past

The Portuguese Transatlantic Slave Trade (h-net.org)

Portugal confronts its role in the trans-Atlantic slave trade | Africa

How Portugal silenced 'centuries of violence and trauma' | Arts and Culture | Al Jazeera

Books

The Sounds of Silence: Nineteenth-Century Portugal and the Abolition of the Slave Trade by João Pedro Marques

Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730-1830 by Joseph C. Miller

Podcasts

Portugal Explores The Dark Side Of Its Colonial Past : NPR

Episode 6: Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade on the Americas

Videos

The African Queen Who Fought Portuguese Colonialism for 37 Years

🇧🇷1501 BRAZIL AND THE SLAVE TRADE | CATHOLIC CHURCH PORTUGAL & SPAIN #LESTWEFORGET

Portugal: The One Lisbon Tour They Don't Want You To Take

African Diaspora through the Americas: Slavery in Portuguese America

Britain

Summary

Slavery in the British Empire - Wikipedia

Royal African Company - Wikipedia

The Royal African Company (RAC) was an English mercantile (trading) company set up in 1660 by the royal Stuart family and City of London merchants to trade along the west coast of Africa.[1] It was led by the Duke of York, who was the brother of Charles II and later took the throne as James II. It shipped more African slaves to the Americas than any other company in the history of the Atlantic slave trade.[2][3]

It was established after Charles II gained the English throne in the Restoration of 1660.[4] While its original purpose was to exploit the gold fields up the Gambia River, which were identified by Prince Rupert during the Interregnum, it soon developed and led a brutal and sustained slave trade.[3] It also extracted other commodities, mainly from the Gold Coast. After becoming insolvent in 1708, it survived in a state of much reduced activity until 1752 when its assets were transferred to the new African Company of Merchants, which lasted until 1821.

Quote

Britain, slavery and the trade in enslaved Africans, by Marika Sherwood

"Britain followed in the footsteps of the Portuguese in voyaging to the west coast of Africa and enslaving Africans. The British participation in what has come to be called the 'nefarious trade' was begun by Sir John Hawkins with the support and investment of Elizabeth I in 1573. (15) By fair means and foul, Britain outwitted its European rivals and became the premier trader in the enslaved from the seventeenth century onwards, and retained this position till 1807. Britain supplied enslaved African women, men and children to all European colonies in the Americas."

Timeline

Timeline of The Slave Trade and Abolition

1555: A group of Africans (from present day Ghana) are brought to England by John Lok, a London merchant, to learn English so that they can act as interpreters in their homelands. They are to help the English break the monopoly that the Portuguese have over the African trade in gold, ivory and pepper. A written account speaks of "taule and strong men", who "coulde well agree with our meates and drynkes."


1562-9: John Hawkins becomes the first Englishman definitely known to have traded in Africans, making three voyages to Sierra Leone and transporting a total of 1,200 inhabitants to Hispaniola and St Domingue (Dominican Republic and Haiti). He sells them to the Spanish in exchange for pearls, hides, sugar and ginger.


1618: King James I creates The Company of Adventurers of London Trading into the Parts of Africa.


1672: The Royal African Company is formed in order to regulate the English slave trade, with a legal monopoly over the 2,500 miles of African coast from the Sahara to the Cape of Good Hope. The company is financed by royal, aristocratic and commercial capital.


1698: The Royal African Company monopoly ends, opening the trade to private traders from Bristol and Liverpool.


1713: Under the Treaty of Utrecht following the War of the Spanish Succession, Britain is awarded the 'Asiento' or sole right to import an unlimited number of enslaved people to the Spanish Caribbean colonies for 30 years.


1730: First Maroon War in the British colony of Jamaica. Groups of escaped slaves in the mountains repel British forces and a treaty in 1739 confirms their free status.


1760: Rebellions by enslaved people in Jamaica last for several months and claim many lives.


1765: Granville Sharp begins legal challenges to the British slave trade with the case of Jonathan Strong.


1772: John Woolman, an American Quaker and early anti-slavery campaigner comes to England to gather support from English Quakers.


1772: James Somerset case in London. Chief Justice Lord Mansfield rules that enslaved people in England cannot be forced to return to the West Indies.


1782: The Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho are published.


1783: 133 Africans are thrown overboard alive from the slave ship Zong so that the owners can claim compensation money from their insurance company.


1783: British Quakers form a committee against slavery and the slave trade.


1786: Thomas Clarkson's 'An Essay on Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species' is published.


1787: 'Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species' by Ottobah Cuguano is published.

The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the African Slave Trade is founded in London.


1789: 'The Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano' or 'Gustavas Vassa the African' is published.


1790: Wilberforce's first Abolition Bill is rejected by Parliament.


1791: Rebellion by enslaved people in St Domingue triggers the Haitian Revolution, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.


1795: Second Maroon War in Jamaica; Fedon's Rebellion in Grenada.


1802: West India Dock opens in the Port of London, initially dealing solely with the produce from the West Indies.


1804: St Domingue declared the Republic of Haiti, the first independent black state outside of Africa.


1807: The Act to Abolish the Transatlantic Slave Trade is passed in Parliament.


1833: Slavery Abolition Act is passed in Parliament, taking effect in 1834. This act gives all enslaved people in the Caribbean their freedom although some other British territories have to wait longer. However, ex-slaves in the Caribbean are forced to undertake a period of 'apprenticeship' (working for former masters for a low wage) which means that slavery is not fully abolished in practice until 1838.

Articles

British Slave Trade | Slavery and Remembrance

The Irish and The Atlantic Slave Trade

Scotland and Slavery

britain-and-the-trade.pdf (nationalarchives.gov.uk)

Britain's involvement with New World slavery and the transatlantic slave trade - The British Library (bl.uk)

Slaves and Highlanders: Historian calls for government apology for Scots' role in brutal trade (pressandjournal.co.uk)

Books

Britain's Slave Trade by Steve Martin

Black Ivory: Slavery in the British Empire by James Walvin

A Short History of Slavery by James Walvin

Black and British: A Forgotten History by David Olusoga

The Interest: How the British Establishment Resisted the Abolition of Slavery by Michael Taylor

The Prince of Slavers: Humphry Morice and the Transformation of Britain's Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1698-1732 by Matthew David Mitchell

Podcasts

‎History Extra podcast: Britain and the slave trade

Anglo-Saxon saints and British slave-owners

Britain's Role in Latin American slavery

Black & Proud - Black History Stories - EP 1 - Lloyd's of London and Britain's Role in the Slave Trade

The English Heritage Podcast - Episode 81 - Voices of England: How slavery shaped the nation

Videos

David Worthington - Sugar, Slave-Owning and the Scottish Highlands Before 1707

Slavery: Scotland's Hidden Shame, Part 1 (BBC Scotland)

Slavery: Scotland's Hidden Shame, Part 2 (BBC Scotland)

Great Britain And The Slave Trade | Britain's Slave Trade | Timeline

Britain And The Global Shame Of The Slave Trade | Slavery Documentary | Timeline

Slavery | Slave Wealth and the Scottish Highlands | David Alston | History Series

THE UK IS NOT INNOCENT - The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade | Scottish Caribbean connections

How Liverpool Became The Greatest Slaving Port In Human History | Britain's Slave Trade |

The Netherlands

Summary

Dutch involvement in the transatlantic slave trade and abolition | African Studies Centre Leiden

Dutch involvement in the Atlantic slave trade covers the 17th-19th centuries. Initially the Dutch shipped slaves to northern Brazil, and during the second half of the 17th century they had a controlling interest in the trade to the Spanish colonies. Today's Suriname and Guyana became prominent markets in the 18th century. Between 1612 and 1872, the Dutch operated from some 10 fortresses along the Gold Coast (now Ghana), from which slaves were shipped across the Atlantic. The trade declined between 1780 and 1815. The Dutch part in the Atlantic slave trade is estimated at 5-7 percent, or some 550,000-600,000 Africans.

The Netherlands was one of the last countries to abolish slavery in 1863. Although the  decision was  made in 1848, it took many years for the law to be implemented.  Furthermore,  slaves  in Suriname would  be fully free only in 1873, since the law stipulated that there was to be a mandatory 10-year transition.

History of Dutch slavery - Wikipedia

Dutch Slave Coast - Wikipedia

Dutch East India Company - Wikipedia

Dutch West India Company - Wikipedia

List of Dutch West India Company trading posts and settlements - Wikipedia

Dutch colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia

Dutch Colonization

Quote

"The ports of Holland, the docks of Bordeaux and Liverpool were specialized in the Negro slave trade, and owe their renown to millions of deported slaves. So when we hear the head of a European state declare with his hand on his heart that he must come to the aid of the poor underdeveloped peoples, we do not tremble with gratitude. Quite the contrary; we say to ourselves: "It's a just reparation which will be paid to us."

― Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth

Timeline

Articles

Dutch involvement in the transatlantic slave trade and abolition | African Studies Centre Leiden

Dutch East India Company and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean and Indonesian Archipelago Worlds, 1602-1795

Dutch East India Company | Facts, History, & Significance

Dutch Slave Trade | Slavery and Remembrance

The importance of Atlantic slavery for the Dutch economy | Africa at LSE

Slavery in Dutch America and the West Indies - Atlantic History

New Research Guide on Slavery in the Former Dutch East Indies - the low countries

The VOC and the world that slaves lived in | Heritage of Slavery

"The World's Oldest Trade": Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century | History Cooperative

Slavery Was of Major Importance to the Dutch Economy - the low countries (the-low-countries.com)

Whitewashed Slavery Past? The (Lost) Struggle Against Ignorance about the Dutch Slavery History - Humanity in Action

New Netherland Institute :: Slave Trade

Slavery and the Dutch economy, 1750-1800

Dutch Exploration and Colonization | Encyclopedia.com

Dutch Americans - History, Modern era, The first dutch settlers in america

The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America by Russell Shorto

How the Dutch are facing up to their colonial past - BBC Culture

Dutch Immigration (spartacus-educational.com)

Why did they leave Europe? | What Was New Netherland?

The legacy of trauma (apa.org)

Books

The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1815 by Johannes Postma

The Dutch In The Atlantic Economy, 1580 1880: Trade, Slavery And Emancipation by P.C. Emmer

The Dutch Atlantic: Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation by Kwame Nimako

The Dutch Triangle: The Netherlands And The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1621 1664 by Willie F. Page

Pinkster King and the King of Kongo: The Forgotten History of America's Dutch-Owned Slaves by Jeroen Dewulf

Spaces of Enslavement: A History of Slavery and Resistance in Dutch New York by Andrea C Mosterman

Podcasts

Podcast Helps Dutch Acknowledge Netherlands' History Of Slavery : NPR

'A Journey That We Have To Join Together': 2 Dutch Women Confront Slavery's Legacy : NPR

Bonus: Dark Chocolate: Amsterdam, Slavery and Chocolate - Republic of Amsterdam Radio

Videos

Re-presenting Dutch slavery history

Going Dutch - The Netherlands' slave trade

Dutch West Indies 1630-1975 Part I - YouTube

Dutch West Indies 1630-1975 Part II - YouTube

Kwame Nimako - The Dutch Atlantic: Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation

France

Summary

Slavery in the British and French Caribbean - Wikipedia

In this mercantilist economy of the French trans-Atlantic trafficking of enslaved human beings from Africa, wealth and goods were moved in an insular, unidirectional fashion to the exclusive benefit of Europe. In fact, the French had a policy coined "the Exclusif" (exclusive in English), requiring French colonies to only sell exports to France and purchase imported goods from France.[9] This promoted the concept of "centripetal trade" in which all profit and capital spread amongst the American colonies eventually circulated back into the hands of European powers.[2] The trafficking of enslaved people was just one faction of the mercantillist economy. In addition, Europeans brought "pacotille" or "cheaply made European goods" to trade with Africans. This often took the form of colonial products such as sugar, rum, tobacco, coffee, or indigo.[5] Thus African leaders, who themselves were in control of selling African captives with Europeans, did not retain the wealth they acquired in the trafficking of enslaved people. Rather they were the targeted customers of poorly-made pacotille.[5]  Their profits from the trafficking in enslaved human beings then circled back to manufacturers in Europe, just as the Exclusif had intended.

The English translation of the triangular trade does not capture the essence of the French word traite, or trade.[2] The distinct differences between the English and French words give way to the inherent nature of the Atlantic slave trade. The definition of trade in English implies a sense of mutual consent and a reciprocal action. When one engages in trade, the parties exchange items of somewhat equal value. The etymology of traite has far more exploitative intentions. Rather than being derived from the verb traiter (to trade), traite was derived from the verb traire, meaning to milk, as in "traire une vache" (to milk a cow).[10] This denotes a far more extractive and manipulative relationship than the English idea of trade, particularly when it is used in an economic setting.

Quote

Code Noir - Wikipedia

On May 10, 2001, the French Parliament adopted Law 2001-434 known as the "Taubira law," after the deputy who introduced it before the National Assembly (click on "Les autres textes législatifs et réglementaires" and enter the law number).  Its first article provides as follows:

The French Republic acknowledges that the Atlantic and Indian Ocean slave trade on the one hand and slavery on the other, perpetrated from the fifteenth century in the Americas, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean and in Europe against African, Amerindian, Malagasy and Indian peoples constitute a crime against humanity.

In addition, the law required the introduction to the school history curriculum of courses on slavery and the establishment of a Slavery Remembrance Day to ensure that the "memory of this crime lives forever in future generations" (Articles 2, 4).  Former President Jacques Chirac chose May 10th as the commemoration day.

Timeline

Articles

Slavery in New France - Wikipedia

French Slave Trade | Slavery and Remembrance

France, major actor in enslavement of Africans

Duke University Press - The French Atlantic Triangle

France | Europe | The Places Involved | Slavery Routes | Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery |

Role of Nantes in the slave trade - Wikipedia

George Floyd's Killing Forces Wider Debate on France's Slave-Trading Past

Slavery in the French Colonies: Le Code Noir (the Black Code) of 1685 | In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress

Remembering that Napoleon reinstated slavery in France

France, major actor in enslavement of Africans (aa.com.tr)

(1724) Louisiana's Code Noir • (blackpast.org)

France confronts slavery, a demon of its past - The Washington Post

Black scholar: It's time France confronts its colonial past - ABC News

France apologizes to Algerians who fought for colonizers

Colonial abuses haunt France's racism debate - BBC News

Degrees of Violence in the French Revolution - Inquiries Journal

French colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia

Contrasting Beginnings of Slavery in North America · African Passages, Lowcountry Adaptations · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative

Books

The French Atlantic Triangle: Literature and Culture of the Slave Trade by Christopher L. Miller

New Orleans, Louisiana, and Saint-Louis, Senegal: Mirror Cities in the Atlantic World, 1659-2000s by Emily Clark

Captives and Corsairs: France and Slavery in the Early Modern Mediterranean by Gillian Weiss

Resurrecting Slavery: Racial Legacies and White Supremacy in France by Crystal Marie Fleming

Podcasts

France, Haiti and the American Civil War with Dr. Matthew Clavin - The French History Podcast

‎Slavery and Its Legacies: Hilary Jones on "West Africa and the French Caribbean: Studying Slavery and the Slave Trade in the French Atlantic"

Videos

Facing History: Slavery Memorial in Nantes, France (Learning World S1E41, 3/3)

Slavery then and now: How does France address colonial legacy?

How France's Colonial Past Explains Its Racism Today

Germany

Summary

German colonial projects before 1871 - Wikipedia

In 1680, the first slaving ship sailed from Brandenburg to Africa. Lacking a port on the North Sea, the Brandenburgers embarked from Pillau on the Baltic; in 1683, an agreement was signed with the city of Emden giving them access to the North Sea.[30] In 1682, at the suggestion of the Dutch merchant and privateer de:Benjamin Raule, Frederick William granted a charter to the (de) Brandenburg Africa Company (BAC), marking the first organised and sustained attempt by a German state to take part in the Atlantic slave trade. With his state still impoverished after the Thirty Years War, the Elector hoped to replicate the mercantile successes of the Dutch East India Company.[30] In 1683 the red eagle of Brandenburg was hoisted over Cape Three Points in present-day Ghana, and the first "treaties of protection" were signed with local chiefs.

Quote

German Role in the Slave Trade Adds to Its Dark Colonial History (fairobserver.com)

"Germany is the great latecomer in Western Europe. For much of its history, Germany was a territorial space occupied by dozens of autonomous political entities - kingdoms, principalities, duchies, margraviates, free cities. It was not until 1870 that Germany was united. By then, the world had largely been divided among Europe's great powers. The German Empire scrambled to claim a share of the colonial pie. Most of its colonies lay in Africa, from today's Togo and Cameroon to present-day Namibia, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi."

Germany's relatively short-lived colonial venture is one more dark spot in the country's history. Its massacre of the Herero people in German Southwest Africa, in today's Namibia, in 1904 was the first genocide of the 20th century.

Timeline

Articles

German Role in the Slave Trade Adds to Its Dark Colonial History (fairobserver.com)

German entanglements in transatlantic slavery: An introduction

Daniel Botefeur, a German slave trader (1811) - Black Central Europe

Slave Trade of Northern Germany from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries

Conference Report: Traces of the Slave Trade in the Holy Roman Empire and its Successor States. Discourses, Practices, and Objects, 1500-1850

Slavery and the Holocaust: How Americans and Germans Cope With Past Evils - The New York Times

Books

A German Barber-Surgeon in the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Seventeenth-Century Journal of Johann Peter Oettinger by Johann Peter Oettinger

Beyond Exceptionalism: Traces of Slavery and the Slave Trade in Early Modern Germany, 1650-1850 by Rebekka Mallinckrodt

Podcasts

How Germany Can Help America Remember | On the Media

Videos

A German colony in Ghana? The Atlantic slave trade and the fortress of Grossfriedrichsburg

Fort Gross-Friedrichsburg [HD] - Princes Town, Western Region, Ghana (February 2012)

History of Trauma Within White Ethnicities

"Powerful white bodies also created formal structures and institutions to reinforce these notions of supremacy by which poor white bodies benefited from and fully participated in. Black and Native bodies were deliberately presented as straw men for white bodies to blow their ancient unhealed historical trauma through."

Resmaa Menakem

Many colonizers and settlers came here fleeing the brutal conditions in Europe; many repeat this cycle, becoming plantation owners in colonial America.  This trauma is embedded in our DNA.  Consider your own roots and the conditions your ancestors faced.  How might these traumas be passed down generation by generation?  How might they manifest today?

European Colonization of the Americas

Summary

Although the Norse had explored and colonized northeastern North America c. 1000 CE, a later and more well known wave of European colonization of the Americas took place in the Americas between about 1500 CE and 1800 CE, during the Age of Exploration. During this period of time, several European empires-primarily SpainPortugalBritain, and France-began to explore and claim the natural resources and human capital of the Americas, resulting in the displacement and disestablishment of some Indigenous Nations, and the establishment of several settler-colonial states.[1] Some formerly European settler colonies-including New MexicoAlaska, the Prairies/northern Great Plains, and the "Northwest Territories" in North America; the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the Yucatán Peninsula, and the Darién Gap in Central America; and the northwest Amazon, the central Andes, and the Guianas in South America-remain relatively rural, sparsely populated and Indigenous into the 21st century, however several settler-colonial states, including BrazilColombiaMexicoArgentina, and the United States grew into settler-colonial empires in their own right.[2] Russia began colonizing the Pacific Northwest, starting in the mid-eighteenth century, seeking pelts for the fur trade.. Many of the social structures-including religionspolitical boundaries, and linguae francae-which predominate the western hemisphere in the 21st century are the descendants of the structures which were established during this period.

European colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia


Between 1492 and 1820, approximately 2.6 million Europeans immigrated to the Americas (compared to at least 8.8 million enslaved Africans). Across the period, slightly less than half of all migrants were British, 40 percent were Spanish and Portuguese, 6 percent were from Swiss and German states, and 5 percent were French. In terms of sheer numbers, other nationalities-Dutch, Swedish, Danish, and Finnish, for example-although contributing to the heterogeneity of Euro-American society, were negligible.

European Migrations to American Colonies, 1492-1820 |

Quote

"as the religious conflicts that animated the seventeenth century began to recede-Christian vs. Muslim; Catholic vs. Protestant-as the filthy wealth generated by slavery and dispossession accelerated, capitalism and profit became the new god, with its curia in the basilicas of Wall Street. This new religion had its own doctrine and theologies, with the logic of the market and its "efficient market theory" supplanting papal infallibility as the new North Star."
― Gerald Horne, The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, and Capitalism in 17th Century North America and the Caribbean

Timeline

Timeline of the European colonization of North America - Wikipedia

British colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia

French colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia

Spanish colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia

Chronology of Western colonialism - Wikipedia

New Netherland settlements - Wikipedia

A New Surge of Growth  |  German  |  Immigration and Relocation in U.S. History  |

Articles

Settler Colonialism Primer | Unsettling America

America as a Religious Refuge: The Seventeenth Century, Part 1 - Religion and the Founding of the American Republic |

Motivations for Colonization | National Geographic Society

European Colonization of the Americas - World History Encyclopedia

European Colonization of the Americas - New World Encyclopedia

Beyond white privilege: Geographies of white supremacy and settler colonialism - Anne Bonds, Joshua Inwood, 2016

Project MUSE - White Supremacy, Settler Colonialism, and the Two Citizenships of the Fourteenth Amendment

Books

The History of White People by Nell Irvin Painter

The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, and Capitalism in 17th Century North America and the Caribbean by Gerald Horne

Not a Nation of Immigrants: Settler Colonialism, White Supremacy, and a History of Erasure and Exclusion by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz

No Study Without Struggle: Confronting Settler Colonialism in Higher Education by Leigh Patel

New England Bound: Slavery and Colonization in Early America by Wendy Warren

Podcasts

Podcast: Settler colonialism, the insurrections of the 1960s, and today | Othering & Belonging Institute

Videos

The New Intellectuals: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, Settler Colonialism, and Capitalism

Francesca Maximé - ReRooted - Ep. 47 - Settler Colonialism with Dr. Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz

Britain

Summary

Scotch-Irish Americans - Wikipedia

British colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia

The British Empire in North America | Boundless US History (lumenlearning.com)

Quote

"Scots and Scots-Irish laypeople played a disproportionately large role as traders, managers, or owners in the plantation system.  It is perhaps noteworthy that two slaveholding U.S. Presidents nurtured in the Scots-Irish tradition-Andrew Jackson and James K. Polk-pursued policies in the 19th century that greatly increased the territory available for the expansion of slavery.[1]"

Timeline

A brief history of emigration & immigration in Scotland:

Articles

The Scots-Irish Vote - The Atlantic

The Scotch-Irish and the savage South | Mountain Xpress

Joe Regan Post Viva Thesis.pdf (nuigalway.ie)

Scots-Irish Immigration in the 1700s - Ancestry Insights

New York initiative explores links between black identity and Irishness

Princeton & Slavery | Presbyterians and Slavery

Bringing it All Back Home: Irish Immigration and Racism

Americans must grapple with their bloody past

Let's end the myths of Britain's imperial past | History books | The Guardian

Books

Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America by James Webb

Recovering Scotland's Slavery Past: The Caribbean Connection by T.M. Devine

The People with No Name: Ireland's Ulster Scots, America's Scots Irish, and the Creation of a British Atlantic World, 1689-1764 by Patrick Griffin

The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview by Elizabeth Fox-Genovese

Podcasts

'Born Fighting': Scotch-Irish and the American Character

Under The Tartan Sky - UTTS #065 Who Are The Ulster Scots?

Podcast Appalachia: Podcast Appalachia: "The Scots-Irish"

Videos

David Worthington - Sugar, Slave-Owning and the Scottish Highlands Before 1707

Slavery: Scotland's Hidden Shame, Part 1 (BBC Scotland)

Slavery: Scotland's Hidden Shame, Part 2 (BBC Scotland)

Great Britain And The Slave Trade | Britain's Slave Trade | Timeline

Slavery | Slave Wealth and the Scottish Highlands | David Alston | History Series

THE UK IS NOT INNOCENT - The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade | Scottish Caribbean connections

Scotch Irish and German Westward Migration Through Virginia

Healing From White Supremacy

The concept of healing from white supremacy culture is in its infancy.  Consider how society might benefit if we could move beyond our trauma and live in a world healed of cruelty.

Resources

Summary

WHAT IS IT? - WHITE SUPREMACY CULTURE

WHITE SUPREMACY CULTURE

Culture reflects the beliefs, values, norms, and standards of a group, a community, a town, a state, a nation. White supremacy culture is the widespread ideology baked into the beliefs, values, norms, and standards of our groups (many if not most of them), our communities, our towns, our states, our nation, teaching us both overtly and covertly that whiteness holds value, whiteness is value. It teaches us that Blackness is not only valueless but also dangerous and threatening. It teaches us that Indigenous people and communities no longer exist, or if they do, they are to be exoticized and romanticized or culturally appropriated as we continue to violate treaties, land rights, and humanity. It teaches us that people south of the border are "illegal." It teaches us that Arabs are Muslim and that Muslim is "terrorist." It teaches us that people of Chinese and Japanese descent are both indistinguishable and threatening as the reason for Covid. It pits other races and racial groups against each other while always defining them as inferior to the white group.

Quote

"The answer to why so many of us have difficulties is because our ancestors spent centuries here under unrelentingly brutal conditions. Generation after generation, our bodies stored trauma and intense survival energy, and passed these on to our children and grandchildren. Most of us also passed down resilience and love, of course. But, as we saw with my grandmother-and as we see with so many other human beings-resilience and love aren't sufficient to completely heal all trauma. Often, at least some of the trauma continues"
― Resmaa Menakem, My Grandmother's Hands: Racialized Trauma and the Pathway to Mending Our Hearts and Bodies

Articles

Healing Your Thousand-Year-Old Trauma | by Resmaa Menakem

Op-Ed: Dear White People - Please Don't Lose Your Minds

So You Want to Be a White Ally: Healing from white supremacy

Rachel Ricketts' New Book Explores How Spiritual Activism Can Be Used As A Tool To Heal From White Supremacy

5 ways to address internalized white supremacy and its impact on health

Resmaa Menakem on Why Healing Racism Begins With the Body

Addressing Whiteness: Healing the Shadow of our Culture

CHARACTERISTICS - WHITE SUPREMACY CULTURE

History of White Supremacy in the USA

Books

My Grandmother's Hands: Racialized Trauma and the Mending of Our Bodies and Hearts by Resmaa Menakem

Do Better: Spiritual Activism for Fighting and Healing from White Supremacy by Rachel Ricketts

Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America's Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing by Joy DeGruy

It Didn't Start with You: How Inherited Family Trauma Shapes Who We Are and How to End the Cycle by Mark Wolynn

Inherited Silence: Listening to the Land, Healing the Colonizer Mind by Louise Dunlap

Podcasts

117: Rachel Ricketts, author of DO BETTER: Spiritual Activism for Fighting and Healing from White Supremacy |

EPISODE 27: Layla Saad: White Supremacy, Healing & Futures

‎Irresistible (fka Healing Justice Podcast): 14 Ancestral Healing for Anti-Racist White Folks

Unsettling Ancestral Healing for White Folks with Erin Sweeney | Mother Praxis with Dr. Allison Davis

Decolonial Healing (part 1) / The Seal Hunter and the Selkie | Airmid's Almanac | Podcasts on Audible | Audible.com

Decolonial Healing (part 2) / Healing from Whiteness | Airmid's Almanac | Podcasts on Audible | Audible.com

Videos

The Traumatic Roots of White Body Supremacy and Racism in America - Resmaa Menakem

Spiritual Activism for Fighting and Healing from White Supremacy with Rachel Ricketts and A-Ian Holt

Dr. Joy DeGruy Leary: Post Traumatic Slave Disorder

On Indigenous Wisdom for Healing Trauma with Sherri Mitchell and Brenda Salgado

Healing from a Life of White Supremacy

Racial Healing: Understanding Racial Identity, Systemic Racism, and How to Become a Racial Ally

Jon Talks White Resentment w/ Isabel Wilkerson | The Problem With Jon Stewart Podcast | Apple TV+ - YouTube

Views From Africa

No White Saviors If you're not uncomfortable, you're not listening. - No White Saviors

Coursework

Online Courses - White Awake

Healing from Internalized Whiteness (wildseedsociety.com)